JLPT N5 Grammar

The particle と connects nouns and means "and" when listing multiple items. It indicates that all listed items are included, unlike や which gives examples. It also means "with" when indicating someone you do something together with. In conversation, the final と is often omitted when listing multiple items.

Used to quote someone's words or thoughts.

Indicates someone you do something together with.

Connects two or more actions in sequence.

Shows sequence of actions.

Gives permission to do something.

Expresses purpose of going somewhere.

Shows time limit or extent.

Indicates limitation or restriction.

Shows reason or cause.

Indicates starting point in time or space.

Indicates location or direction.

Shows decision or choice.

Shows possession or relationship.

Modifies nouns with possessive meaning.

Turns verbs into nouns.

Indicates inclusion or emphasis.

Modifies nouns with i-adjectives.

Past tense of i-adjectives.

Negative past tense of i-adjectives.

Predicate form of i-adjectives.

Polite form of godan verbs.

Negative form of godan verbs.

Negative past form of godan verbs.

Past tense of godan verbs.

Indicates choice between options.

Makes sentences into questions.

Shows contrast or contradiction.

Marks the subject of a sentence.

Expresses desire to do something.

Casual way to quote or report speech.

Indicates location where action takes place.

Indicates means or instrument.

Prohibitive form of verbs.

Indicates completion or already done.

Polite form of ichidan verbs.

Negative form of ichidan verbs.

Negative past form of ichidan verbs.

Past tense of ichidan verbs.

Connects adjectives in sequence.

Creates relative clause with adjectives.

Conjunctive form of adjectives.

Describes nouns that have something.

Indicates existence of inanimate objects.

Approximate quantity or degree.

Casual negative form.

Indicates excess or too much.

Indicates past experience.

Casual conjecture or assumption.

Shows sequence after completion.

Polite request or command.

Polite conjecture or assumption.

Polite prohibition or request not to do.

Casual expression of necessity.

Strong expression of necessity.

Formal expression of necessity.

Seeks agreement or confirmation.

Shows reason or cause (more formal than から).

Topic marker, highlights the topic.

Suggests doing something together.

Indicates something is still continuing.

Indicates something hasn't been done yet.

Lists examples (not exhaustive).

Adds emphasis or assertion.

Marks the direct object of a verb.

Gives something to someone else.

Basic form of i-adjectives.

Casual way to show contrast.

Formal way to show contrast.

Casual past negative form.

Casual form of です.

Casual past form of です.

Lists examples of actions or states.

Polite form of だ.

Prohibition or strong advice against.

Interrogative pronoun for location.

Interrogative adjective for selection.

Interrogative pronoun for selection.

Modifies nouns with na-adjectives.

Predicate form of na-adjectives.

Basic form of na-adjectives.

Indicates direction or destination.

Polite form of verbs.

Polite invitation or suggestion.

Shows change of state.

Polite suggestion or offer.

Explains or gives reason for something.

Indicates extent or limit.

Past tense verb modifying a noun.

Present/future form of verbs.

Demonstrative for distant location.

Demonstrative adjective for distant object.

Demonstrative pronoun for distant object.

Negative form of i-adjectives.

Good, fine, okay (i-adjective).

Indicates existence of animate objects.

Expresses dislike or hatred.

To come, to arrive.

Gives something to the speaker.

Quite, rather, fairly.

Demonstrative for current location.

Demonstrative adjective for current object.

Demonstrative pronoun for current object.

To do, to perform an action.

Demonstrative for nearby location.

Demonstrative adjective for nearby object.

Demonstrative pronoun for nearby object.

Many, a lot of, much.

Advises that it would be better to do something.

Expresses intention or plan.

Present progressive or continuous action.

Resulting state of completed action.

Present perfect tense.

Gives permission or approval.

Advises against doing something.

Something, anything.

Expresses skill or ability.

Expresses liking to do something.

Expresses lack of skill or ability.

Indicates the best/most among options.

To go to a destination.

Before doing something.

To receive something from someone.

Comparative construction.

To like something or someone.

Interrogative pronoun for people.

Someone, anybody.